- Alkynes have a triple bond
- Examples of Alkynes are Butyne or Propyne
Chemistry
- Cyclic Aliphatics are ring chemicals
- Examples are Cyclobutane or Methyl Cyclopentane
- Benzene molecules are rings with alternating double bonds.
- Sometimes called aromatics because they tend to smell.
- f a benzene ring acs as a branch it’s a phenyl, eg. phenyl butane or 2-methy 3-phenyl butane
- Alcohols contain an OH group.
- This usually makes them polar creating strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds so they have much higher melting and boiling points.
- A Primary Alcohol has the OH group at the end of the molecule.
- A Secondary Alcohol has the OH chain as a branch. The carbons either side are often referred to as R for Rest.
- A Tertiary Alcohol is a secondary alcohol which has another group attached to the same carbon as the OH.
- Carboxylic acids have the Carboxylic acid functional group at the end
- End in -oic acid, eg Methanoic Acid.
- Methanoic Acid is otherwise known as Formic Acid
- Ethanoic Acid is otherwise known as Acetic Acid
- Made from Acohols and carboxylic acids
- eg Ethyl Methanoate
- An Aldehyde has a double bonded Oxygen at the end of the Carbon chain
- Ketones have a double bonded Oxygen side group at a position other than the end of the carbon chain.
- Ketones have -one at the end of them, eg Butanone
- Ethers have an Oxygen in the middle of the carbon chain, eg Methyethylether
- An Amine has an NH2 side group. Eg. Amino Ethane.
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
- Reduction is the gain of electrons (reduction in charge)
- An oxidising agent gains electrons and so causes oxidation. Oxygen is an Oxidising agent as it can compete it’s outer shell by gaining two electrons.
- A Mole is 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. This is Avogadro’s constant
- A Mole’s weight in grams is equal to it’s atomic weight in AMUs.
- One mole of water is a small ice cube.
- One mole of peas would cover 25 planets the size of earth to a depth of one meter.
Note the following molecular diagrams are NOT equivalent.
Fischer projections
- Generaly represent all the atoms
- use lines to represent bonds
eg.
see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haworth_projection for more.
Haworth Projections
- Visualise the molecule in three dimentions so more commonly used for ring molecules.
- Carbon and Hydrogen atoms are assumed and are not drawn
eg
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haworth_projection for more detail.
This image is used under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License.
- Reactions move in both directions.
- Equilibrium is the point at which the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction.
The equilibrium expression is a ratio between the product and the reactant.
eg. for H2 + I2 <=> 2HI
The Equilibrium expression represents tre final ratio between the two:
[HI]2 / [H2][I2]
- If temperature increases the reaction will shift in the endothermic direction (taking in heat).
- If temperature decreases the reaction will shift in the exothermic direction.
A Chiral Carbon is one which does not exhibit symmetry. For more information and a test see:
http://www2.vuw.ac.nz/staff/paul_teesdale-spittle/organic/chiral_web/main.htm
- The order of a reaction determines how much faster the reaction will go if the concentration of reactant is increased
- Rate = K[CO2]n